Ngokombiko we-《The Guardian》, ababhali bombiko ohlola ubuchwepheshe obuhambisana nokuvinjelwa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana e-Australia bavumile ukuthi basebenzise i-ChatGPT ngesikhathi sokuhlela, kodwa bakuphika ukuthi amaphutha amaningi ezicaphunweni embikweni adalwe “yimibono eyiphutha” yobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Lokhu kuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bokuqinisekisa ubudala, okubize ama-dollar ase-Australia ayizigidi ezingu-3.48 (qaphela: ngezinga lokushintshisana lamanje cishe kungama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-16.629), kwenziwa ngonyaka odlule yi-Age Check Certification Scheme (ACCS), enekomkhulu e-United Kingdom. Bekugxilwe ekuhloleni ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obungasetshenziswa yizinkundla zokuxhumana ukuze zisebenzise ukuvinjelwa kwabasebenzisi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 e-Australia.
UNgqongqoshe Wezokuxhumana wase-Australia u-Anika Wells wake wawuncoma kakhulu lo mbiko, wathi ukhombisa “izinketho eziningi ezisebenzayo” futhi wavula indlela yokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana kuqale ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni ngoDisemba wangonyaka odlule.
Ingxenye enkulu yombiko isekelwe ekuhlolweni okwenziwa ababhali bobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokuqinisekisa ubudala obutholakalayo njengamanje. Nokho, esinye isahluko sigxile “kubuchwepheshe obusafufusa” futhi sicaphuna amaphepha amaningi ezemfundo, sethula izindlela ezintsha ezingase zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo ukuqinisekisa ubudala.
ISigele sase-Australia njengamanje senza uphenyo oluhlose ukuqinisa nakakhulu imithetho ehlobene nokuvinjelwa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana. Ngesikhathi sophenyo, kwethulwe imibhalo ethi lo mbiko unamaphutha okungenani amabili ezicaphunweni. Le mibhalo yathi lezi “zicaphuno kubonakala sengathi zakhiqizwa yimibono eyiphutha ye-AI, hhayi imithombo yangempela”.
Ngesikhathi i-《The Guardian》 yase-Australia ibuza i-ACCS ngalolu daba kule nyanga, okhulumela lesi sikhungo waqale wakuphika ukuthi umbiko usebenzise ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kodwa kamuva wavuma ukuthi ithimba lasebenzisa i-AI ukubhala kabusha ezinye izigaba ukuze izinkulumo zibe mfushane futhi zicace.
Okhulumela lesi sikhungo wathi: “Asisebenzisanga i-AI ukukhiqiza umbiko noma izinto ezicashunwe kuwo... Yonke into yahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izixhumanisi nemibiko kukhona ngempela nokuthi kuhlobene nezindaba ezithile ezicashuniwe.”
Nokho, ngemva kokuzihlaziyela lo mbiko, i-《The Guardian》 yase-Australia yathola ukuthi izinkomba eziyisi-6 zazingalungile esahlukweni esisodwa kuphela.
Lawa maphutha ahlanganisa lokhu: ezinye izixhumanisi zama-digital object identifier (DOI, okuyiqoqo lezinhlamvu nezinombolo eziyingqayizivele elihambisana nephepha elithile lezemfundo) zaziholela emaphepheni ayengekho nhlobo; amanye ama-DOI ayekhomba amaphepha angalungile; inhlanganisela yamagama ababhali, amagama omagazini kanye neminyaka yokushicilelwa yayingahambisani nanoma yimuphi umbhalo owaziwayo; kanti amanye amaphepha ayetholakala ngezixhumanisi zama-DOI ayengafinyeleli eziphethweni ezazishiwo embikweni.
Kamuva, okhulumela lesi sikhungo wachaza kabanzi ngocwaningo i-ACCS eyayisekelwe kulo futhi wanikeza izinkomba ezintsha, kodwa naleyo mpendulo yayinamaphutha.
Ohlwini lwamaphepha ezemfundo i-ACCS eyalunikeza ukuze kulungiswe izicaphuno zokuqala zombiko, iminyaka yokushicilelwa, ababhali kanye namagama omagazini kwamanye amaphepha kwakungahambisani nezinkomba ezazisembikweni wokuqala.
Elinye lamaphepha acashunwe yi-ACCS kuthiwa lafinyelelwa ngoMashi 2025. Nokho, omunye wababhali abakhulu balolo cwaningo waqinisekisa ku-《The Guardian》 ukuthi leli phepha alizange litholakale emphakathini kuze kube yilapho lishicilelwa ngokusemthethweni ngoJuni 2025. Uphinde waqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ogama lakhe lingu-“Jamil”, i-ACCS eyambiza ekuqaleni ngokuthi ungumbhali omkhulu, akazange ahlanganyele kulolu cwaningo, nokuthi umbiko we-ACCS wawukuveze ngokungalungile okuqukethwe yileli phepha.
Mayelana nesinye isicaphuno esithi “Weber et al. 2011”, esingatholakalanga kumagazini ocatshuniwe, okhulumela lesi sikhungo wachaza ukuthi le ncwadi yayicashunwe ocwaningweni olwenziwa yi-Monash University, wabe esenikeza i-《The Guardian》 lolo cwaningo. Nokho, ephepheni lase-Monash University elanikezwa yi-ACCS, kwakungekho nasinye isicaphuno esasinombhali ogama lakhe lingu-Weber.
Kwaze kwaba yilapho i-《The Guardian》 ithola ukuthi izixhumanisi ezi-4 ezingxenyeni E no-K zombiko zaziqukethe imethadatha ekhombisa ukuthi imithombo yazo yi-ChatGPT lapho okhulumela lesi sikhungo evuma khona ukuthi umbiko wawusebenzise i-AI.
Okhulumela lesi sikhungo wagcizelela ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi imethadatha ye-ChatGPT yasala ezixhumanisini, lesi sikhungo empeleni sasidalule ukusetshenziswa kwe-AI, nokuthi lezo zixhumanisi ngokwazo zazilungile, ngakho sasingaboni ukuthi kunenkinga.
Wathi i-AI yayisetshenziswe kuphela ukwenza ezinye izigaba zibe mfushane, yayingasetshenziswanga ukwenza ucwaningo lokuqala futhi yayingasetshenziswanga ukukhiqiza umbiko.
“Zonke izixhumanisi zahlolwa futhi zaqinisekiswa. Uma kukhona amaphutha enzeka ngokungahlosiwe, ngiyaxolisa, kodwa yonke inqubo yokuqinisekisa yenziwa ngabantu.”
Uhulumeni wase-Australia wake waba nesimo esingesihle ngokusetshenziswa kwe-AI ngabakontrakta lapho bebhalela uhulumeni imibiko. Ngonyaka odlule, u-Deloitte wabuyisela uhulumeni ama-dollar ase-Australia ayizinkulungwane ezingu-440 (ngokwezinga lokushintshisana lamanje cishe kungama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-2.103) engxenyeni yemali yenkontileka ngenxa yamaphutha embikweni, futhi le nkampani yabonisa ukuthi yayisebenzise i-AI.
Imibuzo i-《The Guardian》 eyayiyibhekise ehhovisi lika-Wells yadluliselwa emnyangweni wakhe. Okhulumela lo mnyango wathi ngoLwesihlanu olwedlule: “Umnyango uyazibuyekeza lezi zindaba ezibalwe ngezansi futhi uzoxhumana ne-ACCS lapho kufanele.”
Esigcawini sokulalelwa kophiko lweSigele esasibanjwe ngoLwesihlanu olwedlule ngesikhathi sendawo, izikhulu zomnyango zathi zase zihlangane ne-ACCS. I-ACCS yathi amaphutha embikweni adalwe ukuthi ezinye izixhumanisi ezazifinyeleleka kahle ekuqaleni zagcina zingasasebenzi. Nokho, izikhulu ezifanele azizange zikuqinisekise ngokuzimela lokhu futhi zathi ukubuyela emuva ukuyohlola lezi zixhumanisi “kunzima kakhulu”.
Izikhulu zathi embikweni onamakhasi angu-1000, okuqukethwe okuhlobene nezicaphuno kwakungamakhasi angu-26 kuphela, futhi kwakukhona “amaphutha ambalwa” nje.
UNobhala Wokuqala Ongumsizi womnyango, uSarah Vandenbroek, wathi: “I-ACCS yasiqinisekisa ukuthi ngesikhathi kushicilelwa lo mbhalo, zonke izixhumanisi zazihloliwe futhi zazifinyeleleka kahle ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi kube nezinguquko phakathi naleso sikhathi. Baphinde basiqinisekisa ukuthi noma ezinye izixhumanisi zingasasebenzi, imibhalo yokuqala efanele isekhona, ngakho lezi zicaphuno zisasebenza.”
UChristian Downie, uprofesa eSikoleni Sezomthetho Nokubusa Komhlaba sase-Australian National University, wake wacwaninga ngemibhalo eyatholwa uhulumeni eyayiqukethe imibono eyiphutha ye-AI. Wathi uma umbiko noma imibhalo ethunyelwe uhulumeni kutholakala ukuthi inezicaphuno ezingamanga, kungaholela ezinqumweni ezingalungile zikahulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lawo maphutha abangelwe yi-AI noma cha, futhi “kunciphise ukuzethemba nokwethemba komphakathi ezikhungweni zikahulumeni”.
Wathi: “Abantu kufanele bakholelwe ukuthi uhulumeni usuyalucubungula lolu daba. Esikhathini esizayo kungase kudingeke ukuthi kusetshenziswe imigomo yezinkontileka kanye nezijeziso ezihambisanayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuziphatha okunjena.”
USenator ozimele uFatima Payman wathi: “Isiphithiphithi esabangelwa umbiko ka-Deloitte wangonyaka odlule, owawugcwele okuqukethwe okungenamsebenzi okukhiqizwe yi-AI, bekufanele sikuqede ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kwabakontrakta bakahulumeni sokucaphuna imibhalo ngokunganaki emibikweni.” Wathi: “Uhulumeni kufanele afune ukuthi abakontrakta ababhekele lo mbiko baxolise futhi babuyisele imali.”